Book of Abstract Makassar International Conference on Pharmaceutical Sciences

Determination of Saturated Ketoconazole Solubility Using Spectrophotometry Uv-Vis Method

Viviane Annisa — 2023-10-17

Ketoconazole is a weakly basic drug that has lower solubility at higher pH. Determination of solubility of ketoconazole in the base solution is not easy due to the poor solubility. The simple, low cost, efficient, accurate spectrophotometry methods in UV/VIS region have been developed for the determination of ketoconazole. The wavelengths were selected at 230 nm using solvent buffer phosphate pH 6.8. The Beers’ law was obeyed in the concentration range 5-50 ppm. According to ICH guidelines the parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, the limit of detection, and the limit of quantification were studied. The regression equation of calibration curve was found to be y=0.0448x-0.13. All concentrations were linear, with the absorbance having a correlation coefficient 0.9994. The accuracy was found between 93.84-95.95%. The % Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of Ketoconazole was found to be 0.112-1.237 for intraday and 0.008-0.792 for interday precision. The result of the limit of detection (LoD) for ketoconazole was 0.988 that could be reliably detected and the limit of quantification (LoQ) for ketoconazole was 3.294 ppm. The result of ketoconazole solubility was 21.044±0.759 ppm that indicating ketoconazole was a poorly soluble drug in the intestine. The proposed methods could be applied to the determination solublity ketoconazole in buffer phosphate pH 6.8 with good accuracy, good precise, and simple.

Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) methanol extract: A potential natural anti-urolithic agent

Nazir Ahmad — 2023-10-18

Urolithiasis is a form of urinary system disease in which kidney stones develop when minerals are got deposited in renal, urinary bladder, and ureters. Twelve percent of the world's population is impacted by it. Long-term kidney stone deposition harms healthy kidney cells by generating free radicals. Because chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) have the best anti-oxidant activity, the current study's objective was to assess the anti-urolithiatic activity of the methanol extract of these seeds using an in-vivo approach on a rat model of urolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol (EG). The extract was prepared by macerating it with 100% methanol. An in-vivo investigation was performed on rats, where rats were split into six groups, and each group had six rats (n=6). Group-1 kept as a vehicle control (normal control), group-2 was a disease control group (EG 0.75% v/v), group-3 was named as reference group receiving Cystone^® 750 mg/kg, groups from 4 to 6 were groups receiving treatment, and receiving different doses of the extract at 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 700 mg/kg, orally for 21 days. The in-vivo anti-urolithiatic analysis of the extract revealed significant increase (p 0.001) in urinary magnesium levels, urine volumes, kidney and body weights while significant decreases (p 0.001) were seen in urine parameters (such as oxalate, calcium, phosphate, sodium, and potassium) and serum parameters (such as uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, total proteins, and total albumin). When compared to the normal control group in histology, the disease control group had kidney stones, interstitial inflammation, and cell damage. No toxicity symptoms were noticed in the treatment group at a dosage of 700 mg/kg. Based on in-vivo research using histopathological, urine, and serum data, it can be said that the extract has anti-urolithiatic activity.

Screening The Antidiabetic Effectiveness of Three Indonesian Medicinal Plants Ethnopharmacologically

Nurul Hidayah — 2023-10-21

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a progressive degenerative illness marked by hyperglycemia. Current therapies are still pricey and have negative side effects like renal and liver issues. Affordable alternative medicines that are safer are therefore required. Objective: This study aim to screen green tea leaves, tamarind leaves, and cherry leaves for potential hypoglycemic action. Method: This research is an in vivo experimental study by measuring blood glucose levels in male mice induced with alloxan. Results: According to the findings, green tea, tamarind, and cherry leaf extracts worked well as anti-diabetics in male mice with alloxan-induced diabetes. The potential to lower blood glucose levels by more than 50% was demonstrated by all groups of EDAJ, EEDK, and EEDK test extracts on all doses (100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW). From day 8 to the end of the research, the EDAJ 100 mg/kgBW group had a significant reduction in blood glucose levels. It is hoped that the public will learn from these findings about the potential and dosage of using native Indonesian plants as anti-diabetics in order to improve the quality of life for diabetes patients, manage non-communicable diseases, and reduce the cost-effectiveness of treatment.

Cost Effectiveness Analysis of Oseltamivir and Favipiravir Antiviral Use in Covid-19 Patients at Dadi Hospital Makassar

Rizqi Azizah — 2023-10-21

Cost-effectiveness analysis is a pharmacoeconomic study that is used to evaluate decision-making in selecting drugs that are cost-effective and their benefits/effectiveness are described in the calculation of the cost-effectiveness/effectiveness ratio. Average Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ACER). The purpose of this study is to find out more therapy cost-effective between the use of Favipiravir and Oseltamivir in Covid-19 patients at the Dadi Hospital in Makassar City from September to December 2021. This study used a research cohort design with retrospective data collection method with the sampling technique purposive sampling. The total population of Covid-19 patients at Dadi Hospital reached 88 people and 26 patients were taken as samples in this study. The results of the study showed that there were 14 patients using Oseltamivir and 12 patients using Favipiravir. Statistical test results Chi-square test on PCR results showed no significant difference in the effectiveness of Oseltamivir and Favipiravir. While the independent-sample test results of the routine blood laboratory (hematology test) also found no significant difference between the two therapies being compared which indicates there is no difference in effectiveness with the p-value <0,005. Parameter length of stay (LOS) patients using Oseltamivir were hospitalized for an average of 5.2 days, faster than patients using the antiviral Favipiravir, 7.3 days. This research shows that the use of more cost-effective Oseltamivir antiviral compared to Favipiravir, but there is no significant difference in terms of therapeutic effect

Evaluation of Polyphenol Content, Anti Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of Legundi Leaf (Vitex trifolia L.)

Muammar Fawwaz — 2023-10-21

Legundi leaves are widely used by people to treat rheumatism, headaches, fever, inflammation, infections and cancer. The use of legundi leaves as a medicinal plant is related to its chemical content in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins and terpenoids. This study aims to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid levels as well as the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of legundi leaves. The results showed that the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of legundi leaves was 39.55 mgGAE/g extract and 35.25 mgQE/g extract, respectively. Legundi leaf ethanol extract has anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 153.59 µg/mL. Antioxidant activity using the DPPH method shows an IC₅₀ value of 20.32 µg/mL while antioxidant activity using the CUPRAC method has an EC₅₀ value of 80.49 µg/mL. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of legundi leaves against Bacillus subtilis bacteria had the largest inhibitory zone diameter at a concentration of 16%, namely 9.65 mm. Meanwhile, the bacteria Staphyllococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli had the largest inhibitory zone diameter values at a concentration of 16%, respectively 10.41 mm, 10.67 mm, 11.68 mm, and 12.06 mm.

Detoxification Test of Activated Carbon Body Scrub Formulation From Banana Peels (Musa Sp)

Tuti Alawiyah — 2023-10-21

Bananas (Musa sp), an easily cultivated plant with popular fruit utilization, led to the accumulation of banana peels as waste. Based on research findings from the previous year, it was stated that banana peels had the potential to serve as a fundamental material for activated carbon for detoxification, with an ability to absorb harmful ammonia reaching 96.68%. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of varying concentrations of activated carbon from banana peels (Musa sp) on the detoxification process in body scrub formulations. This research utilized an experimental approach, employing a quasi-experimental time series design. The body scrub formulations were divided into three groups with concentrations of activated carbon from banana peels (Musa sp) namely 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3). Three body scrub formulations underwent detoxification testing based on iodine absorption. The results of the detoxification test were statistically analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, to observe the effect of varying concentrations of activated carbon from banana peels (Musa sp) on body scrub formulations. The research findings indicated that the varying concentrations of activated carbon from banana peels (Musa sp) in the body scrub formulations influenced detoxification efficacy, with a significant value of < 0.05. The absorption capability of activated carbon in each formula strengthened as its concentration increased within the formulations.

Tyrosinase Inhibitor Activity of Ethanol Extract, Ethyl Acetate Fraction and n-Hexane Fraction of Jamaica Cherry Flower (Muntingia calabura L.) as A Skin-Brightening Agent

Masdiana Tahir — 2023-10-21

Ultraviolet exposure can damage the skin. It causes various effects such as darker skin tone, erythema, sunburn, premature ageing, and cancer. It also can trigger the tyrosinase enzyme to work actively in the formation of melanin, thus, the skin becomes dark. To overcome this, the skin needs brightening products to inhibit the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme. One of the plants that potentially have tyrosinase inhibitor activity is jamaica cherry (Muntingia calabura L.). Jamaica cherry flower contains chemical compounds and has very strong antioxidant activity and sunscreen activity with a high SPF value. The study aimed to determine the inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase enzyme from ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction of jamaica cherry flower in vitro using a microplate reader. The ethanol extract samples were obtained by maceration and fractionated using the liquid-liquid partition method to obtain ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions. Furthermore, qualitative tests were carried out to identify the content of chemical compounds including phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, alkaloid, and terpenoid tests. Testing the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity used kojic acid as a comparison and L-tyrosine as a substrate. The results showed that the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-hexane fraction of jamaica cherry flower had tyrosinase enzyme inhibitor activity, with activity values belonging to the strong category, namely IC50 ethanol extract 3,673 µg/mL, IC50 ethyl acetate fraction 11,648 µg/mL, and IC50 n-hexane fraction 5,670 µg/mL with kojic acid as a comparison with an IC50 value of 2,425 µg/mL in the strong category. Ethanol extract provides the best activity and has the potential to be developed as a skin-brightening agent in cosmetic products.

A Review: Effectiveness of Solvents in Simultaneous Quantification of Acetaminophen and Caffeine by RP-HPLC

Siska Rusmalina — 2023-10-21

Combination drugs contain at least two types of active substances whose role is to combine therapeutic activities, increase the potency and action of drugs, so as to reduce pain intensity more quickly and minimize side effects. The combination drug paracetamol and caffeine has been commonly used in therapy to relieve headaches or migraines, available in various brand names such as Panadol Extra, paramex, and saridon; The content of both in pharmaceutical preparations varies with a smaller caffeine concentration in each tablet/caplet. The problem with analysis using the spectrophotometric method is overlapping spectra and the HPLC method can overcome this problem. Related articles published in the last 5 years explore issues of both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Starting from the diversity of solvents used on samples and the use of mobile phase compositions for elution of compound mixtures which produce several variations in results. Researchers are interested in reviewing articles about the use of the type of mobile phase and solvent used in the determination of the combination of paracetamol and caffeine in mixed tablet preparations using the HPLC method. The method of this research is a literature review, by searching for articles on the Google Scholar, Cochrane Central, PubMed.gov databases via the National Library of Medicine and PMC via NCBI access. Some of the keywords used include a mixture of paracetamol and caffeine, HPLC/KCKT, analysis of paracetamol and caffeine levels. These keywords are combined using both Indonesian and English using the connecting word "AND/DAN". The search strategy is limited by using several filters, including types of journals that have a SINTA index for SCOPUS indexed National and International articles, publication year 2017-2022, and full text and in English and Indonesian. The use of solvent and mobile phase in the combination of paracetamol and caffeine levels using polar solvents resulted in the highest levels of paracetamol of 98.66% and caffeine content of 100.13%. Apart from that, it also had an impact on the recovery value, namely paracetamol 102.11% and caffeine 101.7%. The concentration and recovery values are influenced by differences in the polarity index of each solvent.

In Silico Screening Inhibitors Histamine H2 Chemical Compounds In Licorice Plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) Using Autodock Vina

Ahmad Najib — 2023-10-21

The inquiry about on in silico screening of chemical compounds of Histamine H₂ of Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), aimed to get the potential bioactive compounds found in plants The Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as a potential inhibitor Histamine H₂ with a screening in silico by Autodock Vina Docking process is carried out on enzyme Histamine H₂ as receptors and 105 chemical compounds in plants Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) as ligands using Autodock Vina program. ∆G_bind value and lowest RMSD of each compound that has been in the docking taken the value of the free energy change (∆G) as a result docking. Docking results showed that of the 105 chemical compounds of plant Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) are all potential as inhibitors Histamine H₂ with free energy change (∆G) most low at Glabrene amounted to -9.6 kcal / mol, and the highest Isotachioside amounted to -4, 5 kcal/ mol.

Determination of Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Soursop Leaves from Three Regions in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Faradiba Faradiba — 2023-10-21

Soursop (Annona muricata L.) has anticancer and antioxidant activities; soursop leaves contain substances with the potential as antioxidants, such as flavonoids. Antioxidant assays and total flavonoid content from three different growing sites in South Sulawesi Province, namely Gowa, Takalar, and Pinrang, were carried out to obtain data on the highest antioxidant activity and flavonoid content of soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) of three areas. Total Flavonoid content was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl Hydrazyl) method. According to the study, soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) from the Gowa, Takalar, and Pinrang regions have total flavonoid levels of 7,6484 mg QE/g, 3,74429 mg QE/g, and 3,3105 mg QE/g, respectively, and IC50 values of 70.509 g/mL, 102.159 g/mL, and 99.246 g/mL, respectively. The results showed that soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) from the Gowa area had the highest flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Gowa region could be used as the source of soursop leaves to develop soursop as an herbal remedy.

In Vitro Antiinflamation and Antioxidant Activity of Etanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata L.

Rahmawati Rahmawati — 2023-10-21

Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L.) is a species of plant from the Compositae family. Kopasanda can grow in forests and coastal areas, that causing differences in the size of the leaves. This plant is used as a traditional medicine for treating wounds, increasing haemostasis, blood clotting, anti-inflammatory activity, diuretic, and hepatotropic. The leaves contain several active compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phytates, cyanogenic glycosides and steroids. The anti-inflammatory test used the protein denaturation method, while the antioxidant test used the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. The results of the anti-inflammatory test obtained an IC50 value of 299.719 (µg/ml) for forest kopasanda and 284.949 (µg/ml) for coastal kopasanda. While the antioxidant test results obtained antioxidant activity values of 33.673 mgQE/g extract for forest kopasanda and 6.7283 mgQE/g extract for coastal kopasanda. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of forest kopasanda leaves is better than that of coastal kopasanda.

Flavonoid, Phenolic, and Antioxidant Activity Test of Senna (Senna alexandrina Mill.) Leaf Extracts

Aktsar Roskiana — 2023-10-21

Phytochemical Screening and Cytotoxic Test of Bagore Seed Exstracts and Fraction (Caesalpinia crista L.) Using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method

Risda Waris — 2023-10-21

The Bagore plant is one of the plants from the Febaceae/Caesalpiniaceae family of thorny shrubs. These plants have been reported to have several activities and contain secondary metabolites. In the Sulawesi region, it grows a lot in coastal areas, especially in the area of West Sulawesi. Bagore fruit seeds have been used empirically as a traditional medicine for malaria. This research aims to analyze the phytochemical content and test the toxicity of the ethanolic extract of bagore fruit seeds. Sample extraction used a simple maceration extraction method with 96% ethanolic solvent then partitioned using the liquid-liquid partition method to produce the ethyl acetate fraction and the n-hexane fraction. The results of phytochemical screening of bagore fruit seed extract contain alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins. The toxicity test was carried out using the BSLT method, shrimp larvae were put into the test solution in several variations of the concentration of ethanolic extract of bagore fruit seeds, 60 ppm, 80 ppm, 100 ppm and 120 ppm. For the n-hexane fraction, a concentration series is used, namely 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 40 ppm, 60 ppm and 120 ppm. then the ethyl acetate fraction uses varying concentrations, namely 10 ppm, 30 ppm, 60 ppm, 80 ppm and 120 ppm. The IC50 value was obtained based on calculating the percentage of death of shrimp larvae using probit analysis. The research results showed that bagore fruit seed extract had an LC50 of 64,120 ppm, the n-hexane fraction was 19,364 ppm and the ethyl acetate fraction was 23,334 ppm. This value shows that bagore fruit seeds are very toxic.

Standardization of Simplicia and Ramania Leaf Extract (Bouea macrophylla Griffith) from South Kalimantan

Saftia Aryzki — 2023-10-21

Ramania (Bouea marophylla Grifth) is a herbal plant that has antioxidants and inhibits free radicals. This research aims to carry out standardization based on specific and nonspecific parameters of simplicia and extracts. Sampling and Bouea marophylla Grifth were taken at three growing places, namely Pemuda Village, Banua Botanical Gardens and Tahura Sultan Adam. The standardization method used refers to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia and General Extract Standard Parameters. Organoleptic observations of simplicia are green in color, bland and astringent taste, and characteristic odor. Microscopic observations showed the presence of cell walls, phloem, xylem, stomata, and cell nuclei. Microscopic observation in the presence of ethanol soluble extract content = 15.6%, water soluble content of 23.7%, drying shrinkage of 5.5%. The description of the extract is green-black in color, has a characteristic odor, tastes bland and astringent. The ethanol extract of Ramania leaves contains alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones which are confirmed in the TLC profile showing the similarity of chemical compound content in each growing site. Bouea Marophylla Grifth leaf extract contains alkoloids, salkowaski, tannins, triterpenoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, saponins, phenolics, flafonoids which are confirmed in the TLC profile showing the similarity of chemical compound content in each growing place. Yields The results of specific and non-specific parameter tests of simplicia and P. pinnata leaf extract from three growing locations met the requirements set by MMI and BPOM RI.

Antidiabetic Chewable Tablet Formulation of Tamarind Leaves (Tamarindus Indica L.) and Ajwa Date Seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Extract Combination

Sukmawati Sukmawati — 2023-10-21

Tamarind leaves (Tamarindus indica L.) and ajwa date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) have been widely used to treat diabetes mellitus. Many herbal medicines have been developed into good dosage forms, such as chewable tablet. This study aims to determine the anti-diabetic effect in vivo and determine the good formulation of anti-diabetic chewable tablet from tamarind leaves extract and ajwa date palm seeds extract combination. Tamarind leaves and ajwa date seeds extracts were extracted with 96% ethanol using maceration and soxhletation methods. Then, the compounds contained were screened phytochemical. Anti-diabetic effect of those extracts were treated in alloxan-induced mice (Mus musculus), using a pre and posttest controlled group design method with 2 control and 5 treatment groups. The groups were positive control (0.65 mg/kg glibenclamide), negative control (1% sodium-CMC), group A (280 mg/kg tamarind leaves extracts), group B (392 mg/kg date seeds extracts), group C (TLE:DSE, 75:25), group D (TLE:DSE, 50:50), and group E (TLE:DSE, 25:75). The decrease in glucose levels was observed every 60, 120, and 180 minutes. The highest effect group will be formulated as chewable tablet by wet granulation method. Granules and tablets will be evaluated physically. The highest anti-diabetic effect group was in group C (TLE:DSE 75:25), with aa combined dose of 210 mg/kg and 98 mg/kg. The formula used in this study was considered good, as was the result of granule and tablet evaluation parameters. Tamarind leaves and ajwa date seeds extract combination have an anti-diabetic effect and they can be formulated into anti-diabetic chewable tablet.

The Inventory of Medical Plants in Sebatik Sub-District Nunukan Regency of North Kalimantan Province

Andi Amaliah Dahlia Amaliah Dahlia — 2023-10-21

The Inventory of Medical Plants in Sebatik Sub-District Nunukan Regency of North Kalimantan Province (Supervised by Andi Amaliah Dahlia and Virsa Handayani). The research airns to conduct inventory and to discover the types of plants, ways of using and also processing the herbal remidies used by the society in Sebatik subdistrict of Nunukan, North Kalimantan. The research was done by conducting a survey with an observational method, which questionnaires and interviews were given to the medicaster, public figure, and the society who have purposive sampling. The results indicated that there are 24 ordo, 31 famili, 31 genus and 32 species of plants that have potential in being traditional medicines. Communities in district Sebatik of Nunukan, North Kalimantan province used herbs to treat various diseases. It can be processed through boiling, mashing, patching, grating, brewing or blending. The ways of using the remedies can be by drinking, patching or smeare.

Toxicity Test With Bslt (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) Method of Notopanax fruticosum (L.) Miq Leaves

Virsa Handayani — 2023-10-21

Nothopanax fruticosum (L.) Miq is a plant from the Araliaceae family. The leaves of Nothopanax fruticosum (L.) Miq have a very strong antioxidant with the potential as an initial screening in toxicity assay. The research aimed to determine the LC50 value of Nothopanax fruticosum (L.) Miq leaf extract against shrimp larvae of Artemia salina Leach. The leaves were extracted using 96% ethanol by maceration. The ethanol extract was made with the concentrations of 25, 50, 250, 500, 1000, 3000 and its comparator used a sea water negative control. Each concentration consisted of 10 larvae with 3 replications. The observations were made after 24 hour-testing by counting the number of dead shrimp larvae. The LC50 value was calculated using probit analysis method. The results showed that the LC50 value of Nothopanax fruticosum (L.) Miq leaf extract was 66.07 μg / mL ± 12.16 μg / mL. This indicated that the leaf extract had a strong potential for toxicity to Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae because the LC50 value was <1000 ppm.

Determination of Phenol and Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Activity From Fraction of Ethyl Acetate of Siam Weed Leaves

Zainal Abidin — 2023-10-21

Siam weed leaves (Chromolaena odorata L) are tradicionally used as a medicine, such as to treat the wound, antioxidant, painkillers (analgesic), feverlowering (antipyretic), and antibacterial. The leaves contain several main compounds such as tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. This research aimed to determine the phenol, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity from ethyl acetat fraction of siam weed leaves. The extraction was done by maceration using 96% ethanol and then fractionated by ethyl acetat. The fraction obtained was analyzed to determine of phenol and flavonoid content then antioxidant activity by the Uv-Vis spectrophotometry at the maximum wavelength. The results of this research that phenol and flavonoid content were 102,345 mgGAE/g fraction and 15,207 mgQAE/g fraction respectively, beside that this fraction analyzed its antioxidant activity by using Ferric Reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method and showed that its antioxidant activity was 64,686 mgQE/gram fraction.

The Acitivity of Kersen Flower Extract (Muntingia calabura L) as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Xantin Oxidase Enzyme Against Uric Acid In Vitro

St. Maryam — 2023-10-21

Kersen flower (Muntingia calabura L.) can be used as an alternative medicine as it contains active compounds including flavonoids and tannins which are high antioxidant activity and are able to inhibit the activity of the xanthine oxidase enzyme. This study purposed to examine the antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity of kersen flower extract on the xanthine oxidase enzyme in vitro. Extraction was carried out using maceration method, where antioxidant activity was determine by DPPH free radikal scavenging method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 515 nm with gallic acid as the comparison. Whereas, the xantin oxidase inhibitory activity was tested using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 266.40 nm with a pH of 7.5 and an incubation temperature of 30℃ with allopurinol as the comparison. The results showed that the methanol extract of kersen flower had an IC₅₀ value of 9,271 µg / mL, and it inhibited the xanthine oxidase activity in vitro with an IC₅₀ value of 58.662 μg/mL. The conclusions are kersen flower (Muntingia calabura L.) have very strong antioxidant activity and successfully to inhibite xanthine oksidase in vitro.

Imaging Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer EGFR Del19 and L858R with Radiolabeled Small Molecule

Muammar Fawwaz — 2023-10-21

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death with approximately 1.3 million deaths annually worldwide. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) are used as therapy for NSCLC patients. However, patients receiving first and second generation TKIs will usually develop drug resistance within 6-12 months after treatment. Resistance occurs because of EGFR mutations that interfere with the therapeutic process. Therefore, it’s necessary to detect the type of EGFR mutation before treatment by TKIs. Molecular imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are promising non-invasive techniques for the detection of mutation. This study aims to review articles on radiotracers that have been developed to detect common EGFR mutation such as exon 19-del and exon 21 L858R mutation in NSCLC. The method in this research is to search for articles through international database such as Scopus, Scifinder and PubMed with inclusion and exclusion parameters. The results exhibited that several radiotracers were found that were selective for EGFR 19-del and L858R. However, some compounds need to be modified structurally to have high specificity.

Study of Rationalization of Antidiabetic Drugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Nephropathy at Ibnu Sina Hospital in Makassar

Dewi Yuliana — 2023-10-21

Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels or exceeding normal limits. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will cause various chronic complications, both microvascular and macrovascular. Diseases due to microvascular complications can occur in diabetic patients, one of which is diabetic nephropathy. This study aims to determine the description of the use of antidiabetic drugs and evaluate their use in diabetic nephropathy patients at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar. This research is non-experimental with a descriptive research design. The sampling technique is purposive sampling where the population meets the inclusion criteria as a sample. Data collection was carried out retrospectively in 2019-2022 based on medical records of diabetic nephropathy patients. The population of diabetic nephropathy patients at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar is 46 patients. The results showed that diabetic nephropathy patients were more affected by women than men aged 51-60 years as many as 19 patients (41%), with a type of combination therapy as many as 36 patients (78%). The use of drugs in diabetic nephropathy patients at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar with oral antidiabetic drugs and injection antidiabetes drugs. In the use of injection antidiabetic drugs often used LantusTM and ApidraTM. Evaluation of the use of antidiabetic drugs obtained 100% results of appropriate indications and appropriate drugs. While the accuracy of the dose also reaches 100% right dose.

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Study of Banana Peel (Musa paradisiaca L. Var Sapientum) Ethanol Extract in Wistar Rat

Andi Emelda — 2023-10-21

Immunomodulators are compounds that are able to normalize the immune system in certain situations where the body is unable to normalize its immune system. This study aims to prove the immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract of Banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L. Var Sapientum) with Delayed Type Hypersensitivity parameters. This study used male rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into 5 groups. Group I was the normal group (without treatment), group II (induced SDMD 10% v/v), groups III, IV and V (treatment groups) were given extracts at doses of 100 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg respectively. BW, and 500 mg/kg BW. The test preparation was given orally for 7 days. On the 3rd and 7th days the test animals were induced with 10% v/v sheep red blood cells (SRBC) intraperitoneally and intraplantarly. Observations were made by measuring changes in the volume of the rats' legs at the 4th, 24th and 48th hours using a plethysmometer. Research data was processed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis method followed by the Mann-Whitney test. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that extract doses of 100 mg/kg BW, 300 mg/kg BW, and 500 mg/kg BW can provide an immunomodulatory effect

Antioxidant and Cytoxicity Activity, and Determination of Phenol Content of Ethanol-Water Extract of Horsewhip (Stachitaperta jamaicensis L.) Leaves

Asni Amin — 2023-10-21

Plant horsewhip is a wild plant that is often found on the edge of rice fields, gardens, and fields with flowers shaped like purple horsewhip. As a result of ethnopharmaceutical research by Asni Amin in 2012, horsewhip leaves were used by the Bugis tribe in Bulukumba district, South Sulawesi province to treat cancer. To know scientifically about its activity and chemical content, this research was carried out. The research aimed to prove the antioxidant activity, toxicity value, and phenol content of the ethanol-water extract of horsewhip leaves. Research method: research is quantitative experimental. The ethanol-water extract of horsewhip leaves was tested for its antioxidant properties against DPPH free radicals, the cytotoxicity test was carried out using the BSLT method against Artemia salina larvae, and the phenol content was analyzed calorimetrically using Folin Ciocaltheu reagent. The research results showed that the antioxidant activity of the extract was very strong with IC50 value is 20,66 µg/ml, its toxicity was strong with an LC50 value.is 148,94 µg/ml, and the phenol content was declared equivalent to gallat acid is 61,19 mgGAE/gram. Conclusion: ethanol-water extract from horsewhip leaves can be considered as a raw material in traditional medicine to inhibit free radicals that trigger cancer cells.

Immunosuppressive Effect of Caffeine and Metformin in The Drosophila Model of Autoinflammatory Disease

Firzan Nainu — 2023-10-21

In the quest to find new indications for existing drugs, drug repurposing has emerged as a promising strategy. However, a significant obstacle has been the lack of a robust, high-throughput, in vivo preclinical system suitable for screening and investigating these new uses. This study addresses this challenge by introducing Drosophila larvae as a potential in vivo platform for evaluating drugs with immunomodulatory properties. To determine the suitability of Drosophila larvae for assessing the immunomodulatory effect of drug candidates, we performed phenotypical and molecular assays using two well-known immunomodulatory compounds, caffeine and metformin, that has been previously investigated using mammalian models. Our preliminary results demonstrated that caffeine and metformin were relatively harmless for Drosophila larvae and could improve their lifespan. Further molecular analysis suggested that both caffeine and metformin influenced gene expression in Drosophila larvae, particularly in the NF-κB and JAK-STAT pathways, which are analogous to immune-related pathways in mammals. Both caffeine and metformin showed promising results in the autoinflammatory Drosophila model, indicating a potent immunosuppressive activity. Additional analysis revealed that these compounds did not exhibit antibacterial or immunostimulant properties in the Staphylococcus aureus-infected wildtype and immunodeficient Drosophila. In conclusion, our study suggests that the observed immunosuppressive effects of caffeine and metformin in Drosophila larvae align with those seen in the mammalian models. This study highlights the suitability of Drosophila larvae as a model organism for drug repurposing, especially in the screening of newly discovered chemicals for their immunomodulatory properties before proceeding to mammalian animal models.

Potential Anticancer Drug Candidate of Quinazoline Derivatives as EGFR Inhibitors: Docking and ADMET Studies

Anita Puspa Widiyana — 2023-10-21

Cancer is a fatal illness and the second most prevalent cause of mortality in the world, with a total of 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Molecular docking techniques and ADMET studies as a method to develop potential cancer drugs. The purpose of this study is to determine interaction quinazoline derivatives with the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and ADMET prediction. All compounds were docked with Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) software. The rerank score were determined by the smallest value. The 2D and 3D interaction images between the compound and amino acid residues of EGFR were analyzed. Druglikeness and pharmacokinetic parameter studies were performed with AdmetLab 2.0, and the results were analyzed. The molecular docking results showed that six quinazoline derivatives had a lower rerank score that was between 84.409 and -100.307 kcal/mol than quinazoline as the lead compound. All compounds fulfilled Lipinski's rule. Compounds Q1, Q2, and Q6 had good ADME properties, and all compounds have low toxicity. The six quinazoline derivatives had the potential to be synthesized based on their rerank score and ADMET properties as EGFR inhibitors.

Irritation Test of Seaweeds (Eucheuma cottonii. Doty) Powder Cream Formulation as Sunscreen In Vivo

Hamsinah Hamsinah — 2023-10-21

Over sunlight exposure in long periode may cause skin damage, premature aging and skin cancer possibilities. Sunsreen can protect the skin from negative effect of sunlight, it can reduce the negative effect of UV radiation. The objective of this research is making suncreen cream from seaweed powder Eucheuma cotoni.Doty by reducing the particle dimension, irritation test and set SPF value by in vivo way. This research begins with milling and seaving of seaweed particle through the process of cutting and grinding using a ball mill. Produced seaweed powder with size nano micrometer, and its characterized the particle size, polydispersity index, and morphology of the particles. The particle size is 532,73 ± 34,28 nm, and polydispersity index is 0,29 ± 0,07. Formulation using water-in-oil base cream consisted of cetomacrogol 1000, propylene glycol, VCO, and cetostearyl alcohol. Cream evaluation included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, irritation test and determine SPF value in vivo. Based of the result evaluation, the formula cream consisted of 1% cetomacrogol 1000, 15% propilen glikol, 56% VCO and 3% cetostearyl alcohol was recomended. The result of skin irritation test on rabbit’s back skin was negative. The first step SPF value was determined of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED). The minimal erythema dose (MED) that could cause erythema in albino rabbits of New Zealand strain 1,494 J/cm². The SPF value of in vivo test is 3,36.

Serum Formulation of Basil Leaf Extract (Ocimum basilicum L.) as An Antioxidant

Mumtihanah Musyid — 2023-10-21

Flavonoid content in basil leaves can be used as an antioxidant. Serum is a preparation that is formulated from high concentrations of active substances so that the effect is absorbed more quickly by the skin. The purpose of this study was to formulate basil leaf extract serum as an antioxidant using an experimental method. Evaluation test and antioxidant test using basil leaf extract concentrations of 0.06%, 0.30%, 0.6%. Evaluation of serum preparations was carried out with parameters namely organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, spreadability test, Viscosity test, stability test, and antioxidant test with the DPPH method. The results showed that after stability testing for 6 cycles the serum formula did not change color, homogeneous conditions, the average formula pH was F1 (4.659 ± 0.007), F2 (4.826 ± 0.002), F3 (4.981 ± 0.001), the viscosity of the preparation F1 ( 2356 ± 40.412 cps), F2 (2285 ± 5 cps), F3 (2176 ± 1.572 cps), the average spread of the preparation was 5.2-6.3 cm. it was concluded that the serum formula gave good results and fulfilled the parameter requirements for evaluating the physical quality of the preparation. The antioxidant test results of the serum basil leaf extract formula had IC₅₀ values in F1 (94.605 µg/mL), F2 (74.900 µg/mL), F3 (54.695 µg/mL) the three formulas were categorized into strong antioxidants

In Vitro Antiinflamation and Antioxidant Activity of Etanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata L.

Rahmawati Rahmawati — 2023-10-21

Identification of Chemical Compounds in Moringa Folium Resulting Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Reflux Extraction Using Routine Standards

Hasnaeni Hasnaeni — 2023-10-21

Extraction has been carried out from Moringa folium using the Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Reflux Extraction (RE) methods. Moringa Folium has many uses, including as a chemopreventive agent. In this research, identification was carried out to determine the compounds in Moringa folium. Extraction uses the MAE and Reflux methods. The extraction results were identified by TLC and HPLC using routine standards. The identification results showed that the Moringa folium spectra were similar to the routine spectra. The extraction results show that the UAE method contains more routine.

GC-MS Analysis and Antiinflammation of Lemongrass With Various Extraction Methods

Rezki Amriati Syarif — 2023-10-21

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is one plant producing bioactive essential oil. This research aims to determine the percentage yield of extracts, GC-MS analysis of chemical compound profiles, and the antiinflammation activity of lemon grass with various extraction methods. Firstly, lemongrass bioactive compounds are extracted using maceration, ultrasonic, and distillation. Secondly, the antiinflammation activity was done using in vitro protein denaturation utilizing bovine serum albumin in Triss buffer. The highest percentage extract yield was from maceration extraction, namely 14.83%, ultrasonic extraction was 4.68%, and distillation extraction was 6.00%. The GC-MS results showed that the secondary metabolite compounds resulting from maceration, ultrasonic, and distillation contained geraniol, citronellal, and citronellol. The graniol compound group was obtained with the highest percentage from distillation extraction at 14.83%, followed by ultrasonic extraction at 2.23% and maceration extraction at 0.37%.

GC-MS Analysis and Antiinflammation of Ginger Rhizome With Various Extraction Methods

Rezki Amriati Syarif — 2023-10-21

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a rhizome plant well-known as a spice and medicinal material. Either one of the bioactive components is an essential oil, which is efficacious in preventing and treating various diseases. This research aims to determine the percentage yield of extracts, GC-MS analysis of the percentage of the chemical content of essential oils, and the antiinflammation activity of ginger with various extraction methods. Firstly, compounds from ginger rhizomes were extracted using maceration, ultrasonic, and distillation techniques, and the extracts were analyzed using GC-MS Spectrophotometer. The antiinflammation activity was done using in vitro protein denaturation bovine serum albumin in Triss buffer. The highest percentage extract yield from ultrasonic extraction was 21.29%, then maceration extraction was 6.26%, and distillation extraction was 5.00%. The GC-MS results showed that the secondary metabolite compounds from maceration, ultrasonics, and distillation contained zingiberol, zingiberin, shogaol, borneol, linalool, citral, geraniol, and E-citral. The zingiberol group of compounds was obtained with the highest percentage from ultrasonic extraction at 1.07%, then maceration extraction at 1.03%, and distillation extraction at 0.27%.

Hair Growth Activities of Hair Tonic and Hair Mask Preparations Containing Caffeine in Marmot Test Animals

Vina Purnamasari — 2023-10-21

Caffeine is a natural stimulant that has antioxidant and phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity. Caffeine penetrates quickly into hair follicles within 20 minutes after being applied with topical preparations. The study aims to determine the activity of hair tonic (0.001% caffeine) and hair mask (0.2% caffeine) containing caffeine in stimulating hair growth in guinea pigs. The research design used is laboratory experimental research. The hair tonic and hair mask obtained were tested for stability including organoleptic testing, homogeneity, viscosity, pH test, spreadability test, accelerated stability test, primary irritation test, and hair growth activity testing on guinea pig test animals. The results of the one-way ANOVA statistical test for the pH test, spreadability test, and viscosity test obtained a p-value > 0.05, indicating that there were no significant differences. Organoleptic and homogeneity tests showed no changes before and after the forced conditions. Testing the hair tonic activity of caffeine on male guinea pig hair growth was carried out by measuring 10 strands of guinea pig hair using a caliper and counting the number of hair strands on the guinea pig on day 21. The average hair length data obtained was calculated and statistical analysis was carried out and compared with the control. From the research, it was obtained that the hair tonic caffeine preparation with a concentration of 0.001% with an average hair length of 18.294 mm and an average number of strands of 1523 strands had high effectiveness in stimulating hair growth compared to the caffeine hair mask preparation with a concentration of 0.2% with an average hair length is 16,888 mm and the average number of strands is 1503 strands.

Antioxidant Activity Test For Button Mushroom (Agaricus Bisporus) Ethanol Extract Using The FRAP Method (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power)

Asriani Suhaenah — 2023-10-21

Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are plants that contain phenols as antioxidants. Antioxidants are electron donor or reductant compounds. These compounds have a small molecular weight but are able to inhibit the development of oxidation reactions by preventing the formation of radicals. phenol is the main antioxidant component found in Agaricus bisporus extracts. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant activity value of button mushroom ethanol extract (Agaricus bisporus) using the method of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). This research uses the maceration method as an extraction process using 96% ethanol. The resulting filtrate was concentrated with a vacuum rotary evaporator to produce a thick extract. Antioxidant testing was carried out using the FRAP method with a reagent solution of potassium feryricide, phosphate buffer pH 6,6 tricloroacetic acid (TCA), aquadest, and iron 3 chloride (FeCl₃). Samples were analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 725 nm using quercetin as a standard solution. The results showed that the antioxidant activity value of the button mushroom ethanol extract (Agaricus bisporus) with the FRAP method was 3,847 mg QE /g extract.

Phytochemical Screening and Alphaglucooxidase Enzyme Inhibitory Activity Test of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Ethanol Extract

Tiara Katulista Islamia — 2023-10-21

It is known that secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a part of the Secang plant which is widely used to treat various diseases, including diabetes. Based on previous research, Secang wood contains flavonoids which have the potential to inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme. The research aims to determine the potential of ethanol extracted by meeration using 96% ethanol. Inhibition of activity was tested using an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay) reader which was measured at a wavelength of 405 nm with acarbose as a comparison. The results of the research show that the ethanol extract of Secang wood has inhibitory activity, including it in the active category based on the % inhibition value obtained at 83,63%. Meanwhile, acarbose has inhibitory activity, including it in the very active category with a %inhibition value of 79%.

Antioxidant Activity Test of Sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and Chinese Teak (Senna alexandrina) Extract Combination Using DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl 2 Picrylhydrazyl) Free Radicals Scavenging Method

Rianti Anisa — 2023-10-21

Sappan (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is applied as food and traditional medicine. Chinese teak (Senna alexandrina) is a plant from the tropics that can be developed as an antioxidant. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity of the combination of Sappan and Chinese Teak by the DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl 2 Picrylhydrazyl) Free Radical Scavenging method. The extraction method used was maceration with Ethanol 96% as solvent. Determination of antioxidant levels was done quantitatively using the UV- Vis Spectrophotometer instrument at a wavelength of 514 nm. From the results of the study, the regression value obtained for the comparison of Quercetin is y = 3.1303x + 0.2292 with R²= 0.9974 and IC₅₀ value of 15.899 μg/mL. For the antioxidant activity of Secang, the regression value y=0.5769x + 18.543 with R²=0.9969 and IC50 value of 54.53 μg/mL, Chinese Teak obtained regression value y=0.1421x + 17.506 with R²=0.9989 and IC50 value of 228.67 μg/mL, and for the combination obtained regression value y=0.4304x + 36.622 with R²=0.9954 and IC₅₀value of 40.38 μg/mL. The results of this study indicate that the combination of Sappan and Chinese Teak extracts has a very strong antioxidant effect (<50 μg/mL).

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity Testing of Red Ginger (Zingiber afficanate var. amarum) and White Ginger Ethanol Extract by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Harti Widiastuti — 2023-10-21

Ginger (Zingiber afficanate) is one of the spices that is widely known by the public, which is widely used as a beverage ingredient, food seasoning, medicinal concoction and so on. Several studies say that ginger is a good source of antioxidants and increases antioxidant activity. This research aims to determine the phytochemical content, to determine antioxidant activity based on the IC₅₀ value of the ethanol extract of red ginger rhizomes and great white using the DPPH method using UV-VIS Spectrophotometry, and to get an idea of the differences in antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of red ginger rhizomes and great white. The method in this research consists of extracting samples of red ginger (JM) and large white ginger (JP) by maceration using 95% ethanol filter, then carrying out phytochemical tests including alkaloid test, tannin test, polyphenol test and flavonoid test, then continued with testing. The antioxidant activity of the DPPH method was measured using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of phytochemical screening, it was found that JM and JP contain alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols and flavonoids. The results of testing the antioxidant activity of the DPPH method, which was measured at a maximum wavelength of 517 nm, obtained an IC50 JM value of -56.606 µg/ml, IC50 JP -163.34 µg/ml, which shows that both samples have no antioxidant activity.

Formulation and Evaluation of Toothpaste Contained Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and Tangerine Peel Extracts (Citrus reticulata Blanco.)

Andi hasrawati — 2023-10-21

Dental caries is one disease that occurred both in children and adults. One of the dental caries pathogenic microbial found in cariogenic biofilm or plaques is Streptococcus mutans. Natural material is one of the alternatives which can be used to treat the disease, some of them are green tea and tangerine peel. Both contain antibacterial active component against the Streptococcus mutans. This research used the ethanol extract of green tea and tangerine peel. Activity test of both extracts showed inhibition on Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas Gingivalis 1.6%; 3.25% and 6.4% by green extract and 20%, 25% and 30% by tangerine peel. The goal of the research was to formulate the extract ethanol of green tea and tangerine peel into pharmaceutically stable toothpaste. Toothpaste is a semisolid disperse system preparations that contain amounts of insoluble solid. One of the functions of toothpaste is to clean the teeth. Physical stability test has done to obtain the most optimum preparations. Formulation and evaluation of physical properties including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH measurement, viscosity, foam height and spreadability. Optimation base result showed that 1% Na CMC is the most stable in consistence. The formulation then continued with formulation into preparations and carried out the stability test and physical evaluations. Based on storage condition and physical test results showed that the preparations were stable pharmaceutically.

TLC Bioautography Analysis of Secang Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria

A. Henni Aisya — 2023-10-23

Secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is one of the plants that is widely used in traditional medicine in Indonesia. Secang wood is known to have several benefits, including its ability to treat several infectious diseases caused by bacteria. The aim of this research is to determine the class of active compounds that have antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis using TLC Bioautography analysis. The TLC results showed that the ethanol extract of secang wood contains alkaloid, flavonoid and phenol compounds. Bioautography TLC results show that the ethanol extract of secang wood has the potential for good antibacterial activity against the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis with Rf values of 1: 0.92, Rf 2: 0.78, Rf 3: 0.65, Rf 4: 0.50, Rf 5: 0.38, Rf 6: 0.23 and Rf 7: 0.09 for Propinibacterium acnes. And the values of Rf 1: 0.65, Rf 2: 0.50, Rf 3: 0.38, Rf 4: 0.23 and Rf 5: 0.09 for Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Study of Theory Planned Behaviour on Oral Drug Compliance in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Makassar City, Province South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Andi Wahyuni — 2023-10-23

In 2019, The number of people with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Indonesia ranked seventh globally. Non-adherence to medication will have an impact on therapy failure. This study aims to study the theory of planned behavior on the compliance intention factors using hypoglycemic drugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. This type of research is analytically observational, with a cross-sectional study design. The sampling technique used was non-random purposive sampling. The instrument was used as a questionnaire that was compiled based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which includes Attitude, Subjective norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) on intention of compliance medicine in T2DM patients. Data collection was done by giving questionnaires to respondents to fill out data analysis with three methods: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate. A total of 321 respondents with T2DM were involved in this study. Based on bivariate the independent variables (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of behavioral control) affect the dependent variables (compliance intention). The variable that most contributed to the intention was the subjective norm (172,099), followed by the attitude variable (59,413) and perceived behavioral control variables (45,000). From the results of this study, there is a relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the level of intention with oral medication in T2DM patients. The subjective norm variable has the most significant contribution in influencing the intention to use the drug.

Evaluation of The Use of Chemotherapy Drugs in Breast Cancer Patients at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar

Dewi Yuliana — 2023-10-23

Breast cancer is a condition where cells lose control and normal mechanisms. This study aims to describe the use of chemotherapy drugs and evaluate their use in breast cancer patients at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar in 2020. This research uses the sampling technique is purposive sampling where the population that meets the inclusion criteria is taken as a sample. Data collection was carried out retrospectively based on medical records of breast cancer patients. The population of breast cancer patients in 2020 is 76 patients. The research sample according to the sample size formula is 53 and 23 which do not meet the inclusion criteria. The results showed that 24 patients (45.28%) were affected by breast cancer compared to men with an age range of 51-60 years, with an average stage IIIB of 19 patients (35.84%). The chemotherapy variations that were often used were Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 800 mg and doxorubicin at a dose of 80 mg in 15 patients (28.30%). Evaluation of the use of chemotherapy drugs obtained results 100% right patient and right drug. While the correct dose also reaches 100% correct dose.

Potential of Extract of Tamarindus indica L Leaves an Anti-Inflammatory on Carrageenan Induced Wistar Rats

Aulia Wati — 2023-10-23

Tamarind plants are tropical plants in Indonesia. Tamarind leaves contain chemical compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, glycosides and saponins. Tamarind leaves are used in traditional medicine for inflammation, stomach pain, rheumatism and sore throats. The aims of this study was to determined the potential of extract tamarind leaf as an anti-inflammatory in Wistar rats. This study was used experimental rats divided into 5 groups, namely group I was given Na. CMC (negative control), Group II was given diclofenac sodium suspension at a dose of 5.136 mg/kgBW, groups III, IV, and V were given ethanol extract of tamarind leaves at a doses of 250 mg/kgBW; 500 mg/kgBW; and 1000 mg/kgBW. The test animals were treated with the test preparation orally and then one hour later they were induced with 0.1 mL of 1% lambda carrageenan by subplantar. Measurements of edema volume and thickness of the rats' feet were carried out before and after induction for 7 hours at 1 hour intervals using a pletysnometer and calipers. The research data was calculated statistically using the one way anova test and Post Hoc LSD. The results of the study showed that the extract group at a dose of 1000 mg/kgBW had an anti-inflammatory effect not significantly different compared to the diclofenac sodium group at a dose of 5.136 mg/kgBW. Therefore, obtained results showed that the extract of tamarind leaf has an anti-inflammatory effect with an effective dose of 1000 mg/kgBW.

Formulation and Release Profile of Theophylline Mucoadhesive Granules Using SodiumAlginate, Tragacanth and Combination with Sodium CMC

Ririn Ririn — 2023-10-23

Theophylline is one of methylxanthines which possess bronchodilator properties. Medication with theophylline generally administered every 4-6 hours a day orally. Theophylline is a methylxanthine group which has bronchodilator properties. Medication with theophylline is generally given every 4-6 hours orally. This is not simple to the patient due to the often administration of the drug daily. One strategy to overcome the problem was to make it into mucoadhesive granules . The goal of the research was obtain mucoadhesive granules that possess mucoadhesivity and good release characteristic. Wet granulation method was used to prepare the granules using sodium alginate and tragacanth in concentration of 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% for each concentration of polymer. Formula that possess fine attachment to the mucous of goat then combined with sodium CMC 1%-10%. Granules evaluation consist of moisture content, wash-off, angle of repose and flowability test, density, porosity and compressibility test, drug content and release test. The release kinetic profile then determined. Three formula were obtained that possesses good adhesivity were obtained formula I,II and III in combination of tragacanth:sodium CMC (15%:8%), sodium alginate:sodium CMC(10%:3%),sodium alginate:sodium CMC (20%:10%) respectively. Results showed that the three formula has good characteristics and release kinetic following Krosmeyer-Peppas n<0.5 which mean that the drug release from the polymer matrices in Fickian diffuse mechanism.

Peel Off Mask Formulation of Crocodile Oil (Oleum crocodylus porosus)

A. Mumtihanah Mursyid — 2023-10-23

Estuary crocodile oil provides antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus epidermidis bacteria which can cause acne. This research aims to produce a pharmaceutically stable peel off mask preparation. Mask preparations are made with variations of 10% and 12% PVA base; CMC 1% and 2%. Stability tests were carried out using the forced condition technique at temperatures of 5 ^oC and 35 ^oC for 12 hours each for 10 cycles. Evaluation of pharmaceutical properties includes organoleptic examination, homogeneity, drying time, spreadability, pH, viscosity and flow type. The evaluation results after forced conditions in the organoleptic test on all formulas were white with a thick consistency and a distinctive odor . In the homogeneity test, all formulas had good homogeneity. The results of the 10% PVA spreadability test = 6.7; PVA 12% = 6.0; CMC 1% = 7.8 and CMC 2% = 5.7. The results of measuring the pH of PVA 10% = 8.0; PVA 12% = 8.0; CMC 1% = 7.9 and CMC 2% = 8.0. Viscosity value (Poise) PVA 10% = 16.07; PVA 12% = 26.93; CMC 1% = 58.1 and CMC 2% = 66.93. Overall, the tests met the requirements of pharmaceuticals and after the conditions were forced, there were no significant changes. It can be concluded that crocodile oil can be formulated into a peel-off mask that meets pharmaceutical requirements.

AI Advancements and Their Transformative Role in Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Development

Arry Yanuar — 2023-10-23

Artificial intelligence (AI) has progressed very rapidly in this decade. This rapid development is supported by advances in hardware, software and the abundance of data (Big Data). Ai's utilization has been worked on in various fields such as medicine, weather forecast, the transportation industry, image and voice recognition, customer management, and others. The development of research in the field of medicinal chemistry always follows the available technology. Extraction and isolation of chemical compounds, organic chemical synthesis, rational drug design through QSAR have been used in medicinal chemistry. The QSAR method has started from using statistics in the early era of using computers in research to the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence today. Artificial intelligence technology has become a significant concern in drug development by both researchers in universities and industry. Drug repurposing or drug repositioning methods are currently one of the choices due to advances in network-pharmacology that utilize abundant bioinformatics and cheminformatics data. In the future, rational drug design techniques will be greatly facilitated by various technological advancements.

Morinda (Morinda citrifolia Linn) as a Aandidate for Ulcerative Colitis Therapy and Investigation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity in RAWS 264.7 Cells

Tri Fitri — 2023-10-23

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is treated with corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and biological agents, but this can trigger the emergence of other diseases. The use of herbal medicine is known to overcome this deficiency. Morinda citrifolia Linn contains flavonoid compounds which can provide preventive and therapeutic effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines so it is thought to improve UC conditions. This study aims to determine the potential of Morinda Fruit Extract (MFE) as a candidate for UC therapy by determining antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in RAWS 264.7 cells in vitro. RAWS 264.7 cells were cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with the antibiotics Penicillin-Streptomicin 2%, Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) 10%, Amphotericin 0.5% and Fungizone 1%. RAW 264.7 cells summarized eight different treatments, namely non-treated (NT) as a negative control, quarcetin 15 µg/ml as a positive control, and graded MFE concentrations. The antioxidant treatment was tested using the DPPH and FRAP methods while the cytotoxicity test on cells was tested using the MTT test method. The data obtained were analyzed using a one-way Anova test followed by a post hoc test. The research results showed that the antioxidant power IC₅₀ when given MFE was 74.9 µg/mL and the data also showed the effect of giving MFE in reducing the viability and optimal adhesion of RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of 300 µg/ml. The antioxidant power of MFE makes MFE a potential UC treatment candidate.

Antioxidant Activity of a Combination of Casumba Turate (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Extracts

Abd. Malik — 2023-10-23

South Sulawesi has an endmic plants which are the kasumba turate (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and secang wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) plants are known. Kasumba turate is usually used as a coloring agent and herbal medicine. Secang contains brazilin compounds which give a red color which is included in the flavonoid group as isoflvonoid which is an antioxidant compound. This plant is widely used as a traditional medicine in treating cholesterol reduction, antibacterial, antiviral, treating gout and antioxidant. Gout and high cholesterol are closely related. Research published in the International Journal of Cardiology in 2008 shows that high uric acid levels can increase levels of bad LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and other blood fats. In addition, another study in 2019 released by Lipids in Health and Disease also stated that in the 3,884 volunteers studied, the risk of developing high uric acid doubled if they had cholesterol triglycerides above the normal threshold. However, the above conditions of complications and decline in health can be suppressed by administering antioxidant supplements. Based on the description above, the combination of kasumba tutareta and seccang has good potential in the development of traditional medicine with claims of reducing uric acid, anti-cholesterol and antioxidant properties. Based on the results of antioxidant research using the FRAP method, it was found that the capacity of antioxidant seccang extract 122,88 mg/g, kasumba turatea extract 17.36 mg/g and a combination (1:1) 197.31 mg/g. From these data it can be seen that the combination of seccang and kasumba turateta extracts has higher activity.

Green extraction and enrichment of natural bioactive compounds: An innovative and economical approach in phytomedicine

Muhammad Ajmal — 2023-10-23

Natural sources in general and plants in specific are unique supplier of novel bioactive compounds. However, their isolation involves a time-consuming, energy-intensive, multi-stage process that requires a large amount of toxic organic solvents, ultimately increase its production costs. An alternative approach that presents the possibility of synergistic effect is to prepare active constituent’s enriched extract using green extraction approaches with the help of microwave assisted extraction technology and enrichment by using biodegradable resin columns. Recently, berberine rich extract (BRE) has been prepared from Berberis lyceum root bark, having 58% w/w of berberine using microwave and hydrophobic resin Diaion^® HP-20 column. BRE was compared with commercially available pure berberine (more expensive) in various pharmacological models including, antimicrobial (against Proteus vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), anti-inflammatory (in vitro chemiluminescence technique and in vivo carrageenan and formaldehyde-induced rodent inflammation models), wound healing (cell migration assays), antidiabetic (nicotinamide-streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model), anticancer (A549-lung cancer cell and MDA-MB-231- breast cancer cell lines) and ant-Alzheimer (AlCl₃ induced rat model). In all of the pharmacological models, BRE shows dose dependent, potent and significant bioequivalent effects to pure commercial berberine. The under taken study suggests that BRE can be used as an alternative of berberine.

Renieramycins from Thai blue sponge Xestospongia sp. and their semisynthetic analogs as potential cytotoxic agants against non-small-cell-lung-cancer cell lines

Supakarn Chamni — 2023-10-23

Renieramycins constitute a series of marine alkaloids within the bistetrahydroisoquinolinequinone family, which have been sourced from the Thai blue sponge Xestospongia sp., discovered at Si-Chang Island in the Gulf of Thailand. The chemical configurations of renieramycin A-Y have been documented. Notably, renieramycin M emerges as the principal chemical constituent. Renieramycin M and its semisynthetic analogs, harboring diverse ester substituents at positions C-5, C-7, and C-8 on ring A as well as C-22 on ring B , were synthesized and assessed for their cytotoxicity against non-small-cell-lung-cancer cell lines. The synthesis involved judicious chemical manipulations, encompassing hydrogenation, light-induced intramolecular photoredox reactions, and Steglich esterification. The findings from the investigation into the structure-cytotoxicity relationship imply that an additional ester motif governs cytotoxic efficacy, predicated on steric hindrance. This augmentation significantly enhances nanomolar cytotoxicity levels against H290 and H460 cell lines, surpassing the potency of renieramycin M by a factor of 5-20 folds.